The reliability of electricity generation, transmission and distribution is directly related to the reliability and quality of the protection system. Regardless of which generation of protection equipment is protecting the elements of the system, it is always necessary to prove its proper functioning during commissioning, and after certain duration of service. Complex technical devices and protection equipment can fail for any reason therefore 100% security is impossible. While electromechanical relays have problems with ageing mechanisms and coils, static relays deal with drifting analog circuits and digital relays struggle with software bugs and firmware updates. Due to the inactive nature of relays during proper network conditions, a possible relay malfunction can only be detected at the instant of a power system fault. More
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