Challenges and Opportunities utilities face by using modern protection and control systems

Fault locator functionality is a standard feature in modern numerical feeder protection devices for transmission systems. It is common practice to calculate the fault location via an impedance measurement separately at each line end. All calculation techniques used to date in this "single ended" fault location approach exhibit limited accuracy. Hereafter, the fundamental improvement provided by the "two ended" fault locator, which in addition uses the measured values from the opposite line end, are described. More